REVIEW FOR TEST 1: CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 1 -1406/1408
INTRODUCTION

 

1. Define: biology, cytology, homeostasis, genetics, ecology and emergent properties

 

2. List and define properties (characteristics) of life.  

 

3. Understand the differences between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law.

 

4. Know how to correctly write a scientific name.

-         note: Felis catus is the scientific name of the domestic cat. When typing you must italicize the genus and specific epithet (Felis catus). When writing you must underline the genus and specific epithet (Felis catus). Always capitalize the genus (not the specific epithet).
 

5. Describe and give examples of:

    a. deductive reasoning

    b. inductive reasoning

 

6. What is a species?

 

7. Describe the main points of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
 
 

8. Define the hierarchy (levels) of organization. Know the sequence in increasing complexity.

a. atom

b. molecule

c. organelle

d. cell

e. tissue

f. organ

g. organ system

h. organism

i. population

j. community

k. ecosystem

l.  biosphere
 

 

9. Know the 3 domains and list examples and characteristics of each.

    a. Archaea

    b. Bacteria

    c. Eukarya

        -Know the 4 kingdoms and list examples and characteristics by examining:

·        the organism (unicellular or multicellular)

·        their mode of obtaining organic food molecules: (autotrophs or heterotrophs)

·        if heterotrophic, their mode of nutrition (absorption or ingestion)  
 

10. Know the taxonomic levels (from domain to specific epithet).

-         note: a cat's scientific name (species) is Felis catus. Felis is the genus and catus the specific epithet.
   
 

11. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.  
 

12. Know the scientific method and list steps in order (observe, test, hypothesis, results, predict, and conclude).
 

13. Understand connections between form and function.  
 

CHAPTER 2 -1406               CHAPTER 2 (PART 1) – 1408
ELEMENTS, ATOMS AND MOLECULES

 

1. Define: matter, ions (cations, anions), isotopes, valence electrons, dalton, element, compound, molarity, van der Waals interactions  
 

2. Draw and label the parts of the atom. Be familiar with electron orbitals and electron shells.  
 

3. Know what the subscripts and superscripts represent around the symbol. Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight. Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of neutrons.
 

ex.        

¹³     C 
 ⁶         

Carbon's superscript of 13 = mass number (mass is 13 daltons; protons + neutrons = 13). Carbon's subscript of 6 = atomic number and proton number (atomic number is 6;  one atom of carbon has 6 protons). The atomic weigh is 12.011 (found on periodic tables - http://www.chemicool.com).

4. Understand the Octet Rule (not in textbook).

5. List the 4 most abundant elements (of the 25) in living things.  

6. Define, give examples of, and recognize the following chemical bonds:

a.  ionic

b.  covalent

c.  hydrogen  
 

 

7.  Distinguish among

        a. nonpolar covalent bond

        b. polar covalent bond

        c. ionic bond

        d. hydrogen bond (describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent and ionic bond)

 

CHAPTER 3 – 1406             CHAPTER 2 (PART 2) – 1408
WATER, ACIDS, BASES

 
 

1. Define:

polar and nonpolar, solvent, solute, solution, aqueous solution, trace element,  bufffer, emulsifier, electronegativity

compare hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic bonding

 

2. Understand that the pH is based on a log rhythmic scale with a base of 10. When given a dissociation reaction, know if the reactant is an acid, a base, or neither. Define, give examples of, and list corresponding pH values of:

a. acid

b. base

c. neutral

 

3. Know the difference between cohesive and adhesive properties of water.
 

4.  Explain the relationship between the polarity of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
 

5.  Explain the basis of the pH scale. Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

6.  Explain how buffers work.
 

CHAPTER 4 – 1406             CHAPTER 3 (PART 1) – 1408
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

 

1. Define:

organic and inorganic chemistry, isomers  
 

2. Know the following functional groups and their properties:

a. hydroxyl

b. carboxyl

c. amino

d. phosphate

e. carbonyl

f. sulfhydryl
 
 

3.  Distinguish among three types of isomers (structural, enantiomers, geometric).
 

CHAPTER 5 – 1406             CHAPTER 3 (PART 2) – 1408
MACROMOLECULES

 

1. Define:  polymers, monomers, macromolecules, hydrocarbon, polyunsaturated fat, unsaturated fat, saturated fat, dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide, denaturation, polynucleotide

dehydration reaction (condensation synthesis) vs. hydrolysis,

polymerization vs. depolymerization

 

2. List the function and all elements always found in the following organic macromolecules:

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. nucleic acids  
 

3. Macromolecules

a. Know and list examples of the following carbohydrates:

1. monosaccharides (know empiricial formula)

2. disaccharides (how are they made)

3. polysaccharides (how are they made)

b. List examples of proteins

c. List examples of lipids

d. List examples of nucleic acids  
 

4. Explain the importance of phospholipids.  
 

5. Which two monosaccharides make the following disaccharides?

a. maltose

b. sucrose

c. lactose  
 

6. Determine the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the following monosaccharides

a. trioses - (monosaccharide with 3 carbons)

b. tetroses  - (monosaccharide with 4carbons)

c. pentoses - (monosaccharide with 5 carbons)

d. hexoses - (monosaccharide with 6 carbons)

e. heptoses - (monosaccharide with 7 carbons)  
 

7. Distinguish between the following polysaccharides. Which 3 elements are found in all of these? Which of these contains N in its structure? Which of these consists of alternating -OH groups? Animals store excess glucose as ____. Plants store excess glucose as ___.

a. starch

    - amylose

    -amylopectin

b. glycogen

c. cellulose

d. chitin  
 

8.  What is the composition of a fat molecule?  
 

9. Which organic group has the most diverse function?  
 

10. An amino acid gets its name from which two functional groups?

 

11. How many naturally occurring amino acids exist?  
 

12. Describe the four levels of protein structure.

a. primary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. quaternary  
 

13. The conformation (shape) of a protein is determined by which level(s)?
 
 

14. List the monomers (building blocks) of:

a. carbohydrates

b. proteins

c. nucleic acids
 
 

15. Why is lipid a composite molecule?
 
 

16. DNA nucleotide consists of    ________________   +    ______________ (sugar)   +    ____, ____, ____, or ____ (N-bases).   

       RNA nucleotide consists of    ________________   +    ______________ (sugar)   +    ____, ____, ____, or ____ (N-bases).   
 
 

17. List DNA purines and pyrimidines.

      List RNA purines and pyrimidines.
 
 

18. Compare and contrast DNA to RNA. Consider location, function, and structure.
 
 

19. What do the acronyms DNA and RNA represent?
 
 

20. Where and in what kind of macromolecule do you find the following?

a. glycosidic linkage

b. ester linkage

c. peptide bond

d. phosphodiester bond